A circular economy is vital for meeting goals of the Paris Agreement
Commitments have been made to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy. But to achieve net-zero by 2050, we need to address the way we make and use products, materials, and food. We need a circular economy. Read More

The old ways of doing business — which rely on extraction
This article originally appeared on Circulate News.
Five years ago, the world’s nations gathered in Le Bourget, near Paris, to discuss, draft and adopt what has since become known as the Paris Agreement. The document, signed by 196 countries to date, became the first global consensus on the need to address the devastating impacts of climate change. It commits its signatories to containing global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, a feat that requires tremendous collaboration.
So where are we now, five years down the line?
Some 192 countries around the world, the emitters of 96 percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions, have submitted plans (called nationally determined contributions or NDCs) to reduce their emissions. Meanwhile, as the evidence of the cost of inaction mounts, local governments, businesses and the financial sector are also mobilizing. In less than a year, and despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of net-zero pledges from cities, regions and companies roughly doubled to more than 2,500 by October.
In the second half of 2020 alone, China pledged to go net-zero by 2060 and to put its emissions on a downward trend starting in 2030; the incoming Biden administration vowed to bring the U.S. back to the Paris Agreement; the EU has continued to make progress towards passing its first European Climate Law, which will make climate neutrality by 2050 mandatory across the bloc; and the U.K. government recently vowed to cut emissions by 68 percent by 2030, compared to 1990 levels.
Global trends analysis shows dramatic increases in the production of renewable energy, in particular wind and solar energy, an increased uptake in energy efficiency in buildings and industry, and in the number of electric vehicles; with carbon capture, storage and use, and green hydrogen being touted as the technologies that will help offset the industrial emissions that the other measures cannot tackle.
It all sounds positive, but while the groundwork for a net-zero emissions future has been laid, the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to increase. Before the government-imposed lockdowns of 2020, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere was the highest it had been in over 800,000 years. We already have exceeded the threshold of 1C global warming compared to pre-industrial levels, which has brought about increasingly frequent extreme weather events that are wreaking havoc in communities and ecosystems the world over. Putting the recent climate plans and pledges into action is a matter of utmost urgency.
Importantly, most of these plans and pledges have focused on reducing the emissions from energy, but have largely ignored an important part of the equation: the emissions stemming from the production and consumption of goods and food.
With existing technology, and that expected to be scalable by 2050, an optimal uptake of renewable energy and energy efficiency will address 55 percent of today’s global greenhouse gas emissions — those from energy supply systems, energy consumption in buildings, and transport. The remaining emissions come from the way we make, use and dispose of products, materials and food; they are from industry, agriculture and land use. Certain processes within these sectors are particularly powerful hotspots of greenhouse gas emissions: chemical processes to manufacture cement; high-heat processes such as metal smelting; landfilling; incineration; deforestation; and land use change and agriculture. Tackling this remaining 45 percent of emissions requires a revision of how we design, make and use products and materials, and the way we use land.
The maturity of the conversation around renewable energy and energy efficiency isn’t matched in these other areas — and that is a missed opportunity for governments and businesses alike to address climate change. We need to address all sources of greenhouse gas emissions, which is where the circular economy comes in. Applying circular economy strategies for the five most common materials in our economy — cement, aluminum, steel, plastics and food — can eliminate almost half of the remaining emissions from the production of goods, or 9.3 billion metric tons of CO2e by 2050, equivalent to all current global emissions from transport. The pledges and progress being made at the moment present an opportunity to embed circular economy principles into climate action plans and thus complete the picture.
Before COVID-19, there was a growing consensus that the circular economy was a pathway to long-term prosperity. Rather than pushing the circular economy off the agenda, the pandemic has made it more relevant than ever. By highlighting the fragility of our current system, the pandemic has reinforced the need to rethink our economic model. As well as providing a clear framework to help achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, the circular economy can provide a resilient economic recovery that can work in the long term, unlike any plan entrenched in the take-make-waste principles of the current linear economy. The circular economy can create greater resilience to shocks in industry and society — attributes valuable well beyond the current situation.
Others are thinking along similar lines. The circular economy is on the agendas of some of the world’s largest businesses, including those responsible for 20 percent of the world’s plastic packaging, which have signed the Global Commitment to put in place a circular economy for plastic. Governments around the world are making steps to facilitate the transition through legislation, not least in the EU where the circular economy is a key element of the European Green Deal and a new circular economy action plan has been adopted.
The circular economy offers an attractive path forward as it creates value and growth in ways that benefit customers, businesses, society and the environment. It is a systems solution framework with three principles, driven by design and innovation: eliminate waste and pollution; keep products and materials in use; and regenerate natural systems.
For example, keeping construction materials in use can significantly reduce the climate impact of this sector. The processing of recycled aggregates, for example, generates 40 percent less greenhouse gas emissions than that of virgin aggregates. In the transport sector, multimodal mobility systems, if also designed for durability, reduce global CO2 emissions by 70 percent or 0.4 billion metric tons of CO2 in 2040. In the food system, applying circular economy principles could reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 4.3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent, comparable to taking nearly all 1 billion cars in the world off the road permanently.
Now could be a crucial moment to embed circular economy principles in government NDCs. Because of the pandemic, the role of governments and public bodies has grown at an unprecedented rate — at least in times of peace. The sheer scale of government spending and the visibility of the state in taking control of many aspects of public life could result in broader public acceptance of government intervention. Coupled with an increased public awareness of the threat of climate change, the result may be governments having both the power and the political will to dramatically shift our global trajectory on climate.
This could mean that international accords such as the Paris Agreement hold more weight than before. Therefore, in order to tackle climate change in a holistic way and act not only on the energy transition and efficiency side, but to look at the whole spectrum of emissions, it is time to put the circular economy at the heart of the efforts to mitigate climate change.
The five-year anniversary of the Paris Climate Agreement couldn’t come at a more pivotal point. With COVID-19 vaccines being rolled out, and nations around the world clamoring to recover from the pandemic’s economic shock, the time is ripe for a system rethink. The old ways of doing business — which rely on extraction, waste, pollution and habitat loss — have had their time. Can the shift to a net zero emission circular economy, which has steadily been building momentum in recent years, be accelerated into a full-blown system overhaul? With the reset button firmly pushed on the global economy, now could be our chance to turn things around, to lay the foundations for a new and better system that can work in the long term.
