An uncertain future for environmental justice
Early indications are that policy retrenchment on hazardous waste facilities and Superfund sites will run deep under the Trump administration. Read More
The Flint, Michigan, water crisis was perhaps the most high-profile example of the social inequalities tied to environmental issues. But it is hardly the first.
There is ample evidence that hazardous waste facilities, Superfund sites, sources of toxic air and water pollution, and other environmental nuisances are more likely to be in poor and minority communities and that these communities face disproportionate health risks as a result.
After 20 years of federal polices failing to adequately address these types of issues, the Environmental Protection Agency under President Barack Obama was beginning to make progress on environmental justice.
Now following the election of President Donald Trump and the appointment of Scott Pruitt to head the EPA, these positive developments are at risk of being reversed.
What is environmental justice?
The EPA defines environmental justice as the “the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.”
In 1994, President Bill Clinton issued an executive order that directed the EPA and other federal agencies to integrate environmental justice considerations into their policies, programs and decision-making. Despite this presidential directive, the EPA was slow to act to take on this issue, and the executive order became little more than symbolic policy.
I edited a book in 2015 called “Failed Promises,” which brought together a team of social scientists to evaluate federal environmental justice policy. My colleagues and I found the federal government largely has fallen short of its commitments to address the disproportionate environmental burdens on low-income and minority communities.
The EPA during the Obama administration, however, dramatically changed course. The agency not only prioritized environmental justice in principle, it also invested significant resources to take on the issue with genuine seriousness and rigor. Backed by the strong personal commitments of Administrator Lisa Jackson and her successor, Gina McCarthy, the agency for the first time developed the guidance, procedures and tools necessary for taking concrete action to redress income- and race-based disparities in environmental protection.
For example, the EPA designed a new screening and mapping tool, EJSCREEN, to inform agency decisions. EJSCREEN provides information about the relationship between environmental risk and socioeconomic factors in local communities, providing officials (and the public) with a clear picture of vulnerabilities at different locations across the country.
In 2011, the EPA released its Plan EJ 2014, followed a few years later by EJ 2020 Action Agenda, a 5-year strategic plan for advancing environmental justice.
These efforts began to pay dividends in the final years of the Obama administration, as the EPA more routinely considered environmental justice in its activities. This also came into play when, for example, officials evaluated the costs and benefits of new regulations, monitored toxic pollutants outside refineries and set federal enforcement priorities.
The record was not perfect. The EPA’s Civil Rights Office did not resolve its historical mismanagement of Title VI claims (PDF) made by communities when they believe recipients of federal monies are violating their civil rights (such as a state agency issuing a permit for a new power plant in already overburdened minority neighborhood). And the agency failed to effectively intervene as the lead contamination crisis unfolded in Flint. Nevertheless, a fair assessment is that the agency had started to turn the corner on environmental justice.
What now?
The future of environmental justice policy at the EPA during the Trump administration is vulnerable to diminishment, if not outright reversal.
Since taking the reins at the EPA, Pruitt has focused most of his attention on reaching out to manufacturing, agriculture, mining and other industries affected by EPA regulation, as well as starting the rollback of high-profile regulations, such as the Clean Power Plan and the Waters of the United States rule.
Early indications are that policy retrenchment will run deep, as exemplified by the severe budget cuts proposed for the EPA. The targeted 31 percent budget cut to the agency overall means both direct and indirect threats to the EPA’s environmental justice efforts.
Most directly, the Trump administration has proposed to eliminate the Office of Environmental Justice. This small office, created in 1992, serves to coordinate environmental justice activities throughout the agency. In the near term, the office was expected to play a key role in implementing the goals of EJ 2020 Action Agenda, including coordinating more comprehensive public outreach to vulnerable communities.
The proposed budget, if enacted by Congress, will affect the EPA’s environmental justice agenda in other ways as well. The Trump administration’s plans to scale back enforcement efforts by cutting resources and personnel are particularly important. Because major sources of pollution, such as power plants and oil refineries, tend to be in poor and minority areas, any changes that result in more lax enforcement of environmental rules will disproportionately affect these communities.
Moreover, despite Pruitt’s insistence that state governments will pick up the slack, there is reason to doubt this happening given states’ own budgetary pressures. At the same time, the Trump budget proposes cuts to the EPA’s grant programs to states, which will, in turn, weaken their enforcement capabilities to monitor pollution, carry out inspections or build legal cases against companies violating environmental laws.
And, of course, if the EPA rolls back existing regulations that target large sources of pollution, communities of color and low-income are likely to fare worse. Regulations designed to improve air quality, water quality and the disposal of hazardous substances often benefit these communities the most, given they tend to live in closer proximity to such pollution risks.
Policy retrenchment at the EPA will affect all of us, as well as future generations, but the poor and minorities stand to lose the most.